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Categories Scientific article

Medhavi Sharma 1, Stephen W. Leslie 2

In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.

2023 Nov 18.

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Excerpt

Male factors are crucial contributors to infertility amongst infertile couples. The overall incidence of infertility accounts for nearly 15% of the total population. Male infertility in its most severe form is known as azoospermia. Azoospermia is defined as the complete absence of spermatozoa in 2 separate centrifuged semen specimens, while aspermia is the total lack of ejaculate. Azoospermia affects nearly 1% of the male population and about 10% to 15% of all males with infertility. Many untreatable testicular disorders result in azoospermia, the most severe form of male infertility.

Azoospermia can be subdivided into pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular causes (see Table 1. Etiologic Classification According to Pre-testicular, testicular, and Post-testicular Causes). Based on the presence or absence of obstruction of the ducts or vas deferens, azoospermia can be classified into obstructive azoospermia (OA) and nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). It is essential to differentiate between Oa and NOA, ie, primary testicular failure. With advanced assisted reproductive technologies, various fertility options are available for couples having difficulties in conception due to male infertility, even azoospermia.

Amongst azoospermic males, 40% will have OA. OA causes include congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens, obstruction of ejaculatory and epididymal ducts, atresia of the seminal vesicles, various infections of the genitourinary tract resulting in obstruction or pelvic and inguinal procedures leading to a complete blockage such as a bilateral vasectomy.

In OA, spermatogenesis is often normal. Therefore, treatment options for OA often include the surgical correction of the blockage in addition to other assisted reproductive techniques.

The majority of azoospermic men, about 60%, will have NOA, making it the most common type of azoospermia. NOA is most often due to severe defects in spermatogenesis, which are frequently due to primary testicular failure or dysfunction. It can also result from dysfunction of the pituitary or hypothalamus. The exact pathology of NOA is often idiopathic. Advanced assisted reproductive techniques can often treat NOA (primary testicular failure).

Testicular biopsies of patients suffering from severe spermatogenic failure often show various areas of normal spermatogenesis. These sperm can be retrieved using testicular sperm extraction (TESE) or testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) techniques and used in advanced assisted reproductive techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Sperm retrieved from the testes in these ways and used for in vitro fertilization with ICSI generally results in healthy offspring.

Healthcare professionals face many challenges in providing care to infertile men with spermatic failure. Diagnostic modalities used for patients with azoospermia are hormonal assessment, biomarkers in semen, ultrasonography, testicular biopsy, and vasography. The best tool for diagnosing distal male reproductive system obstruction is transrectal ultrasound.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: Medhavi Sharma declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Stephen Leslie declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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